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Mt. Pinatubo In 1991, Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines exploded into Earth's second largest volcanic eruption this century. This eruption deposited more than 1 cubic mile (5 cubic kilometers) of volcanic ash and rock fragments on the volcano's slopes. Within hours, heavy rains began to wash this material down into the surrounding lowlands in giant, fast-moving lahars. In the next four rainy seasons, lahars carried about half of the deposits off the volcano, causing even more destruction in the lowlands than the eruption itself.
A Washington State panel comprised of business people, state congressional representatives, and concerned citizens has contacted your team for advice. They want you to study the impact that Mt. Rainier might have if it were to erupt with the same magnitude as the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. You will use the PBL Model and the Earth system science approach in preparing your response.
2. List your personal understanding, ideas, or hunches.
There has been many other volcanic explosions but this one was greatest volcanic explosion on the century.
Volcanic explosion are very dangerous; they can cause a lot of damage to the earth, atmosphere, they can even claim animal and human lives.
They make people evacuate as soon as they find out there's a possibility of an eruption.
Ash starts flying/flowing in the air. They look like snow flakes.
The sky looks cloudy due to the ash in the atmosphere.
There need to have scientists or professionals monitoring volcanoes' activity to inform of any suspicious activity of a possible eruption.
People who live near by a volcano should have a secure place in a far away area for future evacuations.
I have seen in the news that people who live near by a volcano are not afraid of loosing their properties even their lives.
When I was a child, my family and I used to live in the city, but from our house roof we could see the volcano. Every time I saw it I would think of all the destruction it could cause to the city.
3. List what is known.
This eruption deposited more than 1 cubic mile, which is the same as 5 cubic kilometers, of volcanic ash and rock fragment on the volcano’s slopes
This was the largest volcanic eruption that this century has ever had.
Within hours heavy rain began to wash the material down into the surroundings lowlands causing more damage.
It was a fast-moving mud flow of volcanic ash and debris (lahar) caused by heavy rains.
It caused damages by burying rivers and low lands.
4. List what is unknown.
How do volcanoes erupt?
Did the volcano in the Philippines show any signs of possible eruptions before it erupted?
Is there any way we can stop/prevent volcanoes from erupting?
How can people living surrounded by a volcano can prepare themselves for a possible eruption?
What temperature is the lava? How hot is it?
Can people survive a possible volcano eruption?
What are the signs or abnormal activity before a volcano erupts?
Why do volcanoes erupt? What are the causes for such activity?
What are the differences of volcanoes and mountains?
5. List what needs to be done.
HOW DO VOLCANOES ERUPT?
image courtesy of www.kidcyber.com
This graph identifies all the parts of a volcano. It shows the magma chamber; which is the heart of the volcano, the vent, the crater cone, ash and gas cloud, and the lava.
Magma Chamber :A magma chamber is a large underground pool of liquid rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. The molten rock in such a chamber is under great pressure, and given enough time, that pressure can gradually fracture the rock around it creating outlets for the magma. If it finds a way to the surface, then the result will be a volcanic eruption; consequently many volcanoes are situated over magma chambers. Magma chambers are hard to detect, and most of the known ones are therefore close to the surface of the Earth, commonly between 1 km and 10 km under the surface. In geological terms this is extremely close to the surface, although in human terms it is considerably deep underground.
Crater cone: are among the simplest volcanic formations. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption. Types typically differentiated are spatter cones, ash cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones.
Ash: consists of small tephra, which are bits of pulverized rock and glass created by volcanic eruptions,[1] less than 2 millimetres (0.1 in) in diameter. There are three mechanisms of volcanic ash formation: gas release under decompression causing magmatic eruptions; thermal contraction from chilling on contact with water causing phreatomagmatic eruptions, and ejection of entrained particles during steam eruptions causing phreatic eruptions.[2] The violent nature of volcanic eruptions involving steam results in the magma and solid rock surrounding the vent being torn into particles of clay to sand size. Volcanic ash can lead to breathing problems and malfunctions in machinery, and clouds of it can threaten aircraft and alter weather patterns.
Ash deposited on the ground after an eruption is known as ashfall deposit. Significant accumulations of ashfall can lead to the immediate destruction of most of the local ecosystem, as well the collapse of roofs on man-made structures. Over time, ashfall can lead to the creation of fertile soils. Ashfall can also become cemented together to form a solid rock called tuff. Over geologic time, the ejection of large quantities of ash can produce an ash cone.
volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flashfloods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
Active volcanoes can be found all over the world. In the U.S. volcanoes are found mainly in Hawaii, Alaska, California, Oregon and Washington. Volcanoes in Canada are mostly found in British Columbia. In New Zealand most of the volcanoes can be found on the North Island and off thre coast of the North Island.
resh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be harsh, acidic, gritty, glassy and smelly. The ash can cause damage to the lungs of older people, babies and people with respiratory problems.
than 80 percent of the earth's surface is volcanic in origin. The sea floor and some mountains were formed by countless volcanic eruptions. Gaseous emissions from volcano formed the earth's atmosphere.
The 1992 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines Islands caused 342 deaths and more than 250,000 people had to be evacuated.
The danger area around a volcano covers about a 20-mile radius. In May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted in Washington state after more than 100 years of dormancy (when the volcano is "asleep"). It killed 58 people and caused more than $1.2 billion in property damage.
are more than 500 active volcanoes in the world. More than half of these volcanoes are part of the "Ring of Fire," a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
What Can You Do ...
If a Volcano Erupts Where You Live
Follow the evacuation order issued by authorities and evacuate immediately.
Be aware of mudflows. Mudflows can move faster than you can walk or run.
Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance - infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities.
Protection from Falling Ash
Listen to a battery-powered radio or television for the latest emergency information.
If you have a respiratory ailment, avoid contact with any amount of ash.
Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
Use goggles and wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses.
Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with breathing.
Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.
Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof collapsing.
Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents, furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents.
Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.
Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles.
Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. .
Volcanoes are awesome manifestations of the fiery power contained deep within the Earth. These formations are essentially vents on the Earth's surface where molten rock, debris, and gases from the planet's interior are emitted.
When thick magma and large amounts of gas build up under the surface, eruptions can be explosive, expelling lava, rocks and ash into the air. Less gas and more viscous magma usually mean a less dramatic eruption, often causing streams of lava to ooze from the vent.
The mountain-like mounds that we associate with volcanoes are what remain after the material spewed during eruptions has collected and hardened around the vent. This can happen over a period of weeks or many millions of years.
A large eruption can be extremely dangerous for people living near a volcano. Flows of searing lava, which can reach 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,250 degrees Celsius) or more, can be released, burning everything in its path, including whole towns. Boulders of hardening lava can rain down on villages. Mud flows from rapidly melting snow can strip mountains and valleys bare and bury towns. Ash and toxic gases can cause lung damage and other problems, particularly for infants and the elderly. Scientists estimate that more than 260,000 people have died in the past 300 years from volcanic eruptions and their aftermath.
Volcanoes tend to exist along the edges between tectonic plates, massive rock slabs that make up Earth's surface. About 90 percent of all volcanoes exist within the Ring of Fire along the edges of the Pacific Ocean.
About 1,900 volcanoes on Earth are considered active, meaning they show some level of activity and are likely to explode again. Many other volcanoes are dormant, showing no current signs of exploding but likely to become active at some point in the future. Others are considered extinct.
In this picture you can see an aerial view of a volcano erupting.
This video depicts the panic and destruction the volcano Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines caused back in 1991
6. Develop a problem statement.
The problem is that many people in the world are ignorant about facts and damages a volcano can cause before, during, and after an eruption; making them unaware of the procedures and steps they have to take for protection in case of a volcano eruption.
volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flashfloods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
resh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be harsh, acidic, gritty, glassy and smelly. The ash can cause damage to the lungs of older people, babies and people with respiratory problems.
than 80 percent of the earth's surface is volcanic in origin. The sea floor and some mountains were formed by countless volcanic eruptions. Gaseous emissions from volcano formed the earth's atmosphere.
are more than 500 active volcanoes in the world. More than half of these volcanoes are part of the "Ring of Fire," a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean.
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